Explaining about Black-box Testing Techniques and these advantages & disadvantages.?

Here,we discussing about black-box testing techniques and black-box testing usages and disadvantages.

BLACK-BOX TESTING TECHNIQUES:

                         following are some techniques that can be used for designing black-box testing.

1. Equivalence Class Partitioning(E-C-P)
2. Boundary Value Analysis(B-V-A)
3. Decision Table Testing
4. State Transition Testing
5. Error Guessing
6. Use-case Guessing

1.E-C-P:

         - it is a software test test design technique that involves dividing input values into valid and invalid partitions and selecting representative values from each partition as test data.

         - its define type of inputs and outputs.

2.B-V-A:

         - it is a software test design technique that involves determination of boundaries for input values and selecting values that are at the boundaries and just inside or outside of the boundaries as test data.

         - it's define size and range of the inputs.

3.Decision Table Testing:

         - it is used to define mapping in between inputs and output fields.

         - this useful to derive the test cases to valid functionality,if it is depending on multiple inputs.

4.State Transition Testing:

         - it is used to write test cases in order.

5.Error Guessing:

         - it is pattern and it is used to guess defect team upcoming software field defects on past experience.

6.Use-case Testing:

         - it is a brief description of actor actions and system responses.

         - if you develop test cases to check does the application is as per use-cases or not.then it's called use-case testing.

Black-box Testing Advantages:

• tests are done from a user's point of view and will help in exposing discrepancies in the specifications.
• Tester need not know programming languages or how the software has been implemented.
• tests can be conducted by a body independent from the developers,allowing for an objective perspective and the avoidance of developer-bias.
• Test cases can be designed as soon as the specifications are complete.

Black-box Testing Disadvantages:

• Only small number of possible inputs can be tested and many program paths will be left untested.
• without clear specifications,which is the situation in many projects,test cases will be difficult to design.
• Tests can be redundant if the software designer/developer has already run a test case.